Update content for gemtext

4 files changed, 296 insertions, 16 deletions

diff --git a/gemfeed/2025-07-14-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-6.gmi b/gemfeed/2025-07-14-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-6.gmi
index 0463ea36..a08fef2f 100644
--- a/gemfeed/2025-07-14-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-6.gmi
+++ b/gemfeed/2025-07-14-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-6.gmi
@@ -1070,6 +1070,8 @@ paul@f0:~ % doas sh -c 'for client in r0 r1 r2 earth; do
     -subj "/C=US/ST=State/L=City/O=F3S Storage/CN=${client}.lan.buetow.org"
   openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in ${client}.csr -CA ca-cert.pem \
     -CAkey ca-key.pem -CAcreateserial -out ${client}-cert.pem
+  # Combine cert and key into a single file for stunnel client
+  cat ${client}-cert.pem ${client}-key.pem > ${client}-stunnel.pem
 done'
 ```
 
@@ -1515,12 +1517,12 @@ On the Rocky Linux VMs, we run:
 [root@r0 ~]# dnf install -y stunnel nfs-utils
 
 # Copy client certificate and CA certificate from f0
-[root@r0 ~]# scp f0:/usr/local/etc/stunnel/ca/r0-key.pem /etc/stunnel/
+[root@r0 ~]# scp f0:/usr/local/etc/stunnel/ca/r0-stunnel.pem /etc/stunnel/
 [root@r0 ~]# scp f0:/usr/local/etc/stunnel/ca/ca-cert.pem /etc/stunnel/
 
 # Configure stunnel client with certificate authentication
 [root@r0 ~]# tee /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf <<'EOF'
-cert = /etc/stunnel/r0-key.pem
+cert = /etc/stunnel/r0-stunnel.pem
 CAfile = /etc/stunnel/ca-cert.pem
 client = yes
 verify = 2
@@ -1536,7 +1538,7 @@ EOF
 # Repeat for r1 and r2 with their respective certificates
 ```
 
-Note: Each client must use its certificate file (`r0-key.pem`, `r1-key.pem`, `r2-key.pem`, or `earth-key.pem` - the latter is for my Laptop, which can also mount the NFS shares).
+Note: Each client must use its certificate file (`r0-stunnel.pem`, `r1-stunnel.pem`, `r2-stunnel.pem`, or `earth-stunnel.pem` - the latter is for my Laptop, which can also mount the NFS shares).
 
 ### NFSv4 user mapping config on Rocky
 
@@ -1578,11 +1580,11 @@ To mount NFS through the stunnel encrypted tunnel, we run:
 [root@r0 ~]# mkdir -p /data/nfs/k3svolumes
 
 # Mount through stunnel (using localhost and NFSv4)
-[root@r0 ~]# mount -t nfs4 -o port=2323 127.0.0.1:/data/nfs/k3svolumes /data/nfs/k3svolumes
+[root@r0 ~]# mount -t nfs4 -o port=2323 127.0.0.1:/k3svolumes /data/nfs/k3svolumes
 
 # Verify mount
 [root@r0 ~]# mount | grep k3svolumes
-127.0.0.1:/data/nfs/k3svolumes on /data/nfs/k3svolumes 
+127.0.0.1:/k3svolumes on /data/nfs/k3svolumes 
   type nfs4 (rw,relatime,vers=4.2,rsize=131072,wsize=131072,
   namlen=255,hard,proto=tcp,port=2323,timeo=600,retrans=2,sec=sys,
   clientaddr=127.0.0.1,local_lock=none,addr=127.0.0.1)
diff --git a/gemfeed/2025-07-14-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-6.gmi.tpl b/gemfeed/2025-07-14-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-6.gmi.tpl
index 7e2bf06b..dcfa2bc3 100644
--- a/gemfeed/2025-07-14-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-6.gmi.tpl
+++ b/gemfeed/2025-07-14-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-6.gmi.tpl
@@ -1010,6 +1010,8 @@ paul@f0:~ % doas sh -c 'for client in r0 r1 r2 earth; do
     -subj "/C=US/ST=State/L=City/O=F3S Storage/CN=${client}.lan.buetow.org"
   openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in ${client}.csr -CA ca-cert.pem \
     -CAkey ca-key.pem -CAcreateserial -out ${client}-cert.pem
+  # Combine cert and key into a single file for stunnel client
+  cat ${client}-cert.pem ${client}-key.pem > ${client}-stunnel.pem
 done'
 ```
 
@@ -1455,12 +1457,12 @@ On the Rocky Linux VMs, we run:
 [root@r0 ~]# dnf install -y stunnel nfs-utils
 
 # Copy client certificate and CA certificate from f0
-[root@r0 ~]# scp f0:/usr/local/etc/stunnel/ca/r0-key.pem /etc/stunnel/
+[root@r0 ~]# scp f0:/usr/local/etc/stunnel/ca/r0-stunnel.pem /etc/stunnel/
 [root@r0 ~]# scp f0:/usr/local/etc/stunnel/ca/ca-cert.pem /etc/stunnel/
 
 # Configure stunnel client with certificate authentication
 [root@r0 ~]# tee /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf <<'EOF'
-cert = /etc/stunnel/r0-key.pem
+cert = /etc/stunnel/r0-stunnel.pem
 CAfile = /etc/stunnel/ca-cert.pem
 client = yes
 verify = 2
@@ -1476,7 +1478,7 @@ EOF
 # Repeat for r1 and r2 with their respective certificates
 ```
 
-Note: Each client must use its certificate file (`r0-key.pem`, `r1-key.pem`, `r2-key.pem`, or `earth-key.pem` - the latter is for my Laptop, which can also mount the NFS shares).
+Note: Each client must use its certificate file (`r0-stunnel.pem`, `r1-stunnel.pem`, `r2-stunnel.pem`, or `earth-stunnel.pem` - the latter is for my Laptop, which can also mount the NFS shares).
 
 ### NFSv4 user mapping config on Rocky
 
@@ -1518,11 +1520,11 @@ To mount NFS through the stunnel encrypted tunnel, we run:
 [root@r0 ~]# mkdir -p /data/nfs/k3svolumes
 
 # Mount through stunnel (using localhost and NFSv4)
-[root@r0 ~]# mount -t nfs4 -o port=2323 127.0.0.1:/data/nfs/k3svolumes /data/nfs/k3svolumes
+[root@r0 ~]# mount -t nfs4 -o port=2323 127.0.0.1:/k3svolumes /data/nfs/k3svolumes
 
 # Verify mount
 [root@r0 ~]# mount | grep k3svolumes
-127.0.0.1:/data/nfs/k3svolumes on /data/nfs/k3svolumes 
+127.0.0.1:/k3svolumes on /data/nfs/k3svolumes 
   type nfs4 (rw,relatime,vers=4.2,rsize=131072,wsize=131072,
   namlen=255,hard,proto=tcp,port=2323,timeo=600,retrans=2,sec=sys,
   clientaddr=127.0.0.1,local_lock=none,addr=127.0.0.1)
diff --git a/gemfeed/DRAFT-ipv6test-deployment.gmi b/gemfeed/DRAFT-ipv6test-deployment.gmi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0483db0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gemfeed/DRAFT-ipv6test-deployment.gmi
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+# Deploying an IPv6 Test Service on Kubernetes
+
+## Introduction
+
+This post covers deploying a simple IPv6/IPv4 connectivity test application to the f3s Kubernetes cluster. The application displays visitors' IP addresses and determines whether they're connecting via IPv6 or IPv4—useful for testing dual-stack connectivity.
+
+The interesting technical challenge was preserving the original client IP address through multiple reverse proxies: from the OpenBSD relayd frontends, through Traefik ingress, to the Apache CGI backend.
+
+=> ./2024-11-17-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-1.gmi f3s series
+
+## Architecture Overview
+
+The request flow looks like this:
+
+```
+Client → relayd (OpenBSD) → Traefik (k3s) → Apache + CGI (Pod)
+```
+
+Each hop needs to preserve the client's real IP address via the `X-Forwarded-For` header.
+
+## The Application
+
+The application is a simple Perl CGI script that:
+
+1. Detects whether the client is using IPv4 or IPv6
+2. Performs DNS lookups on client and server addresses
+3. Displays diagnostic information
+
+```perl
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+
+print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
+
+my $is_ipv4 = ($ENV{REMOTE_ADDR} =~ /(?:\d+\.){3}\d/);
+print "You are using: " . ($is_ipv4 ? "IPv4" : "IPv6") . "\n";
+print "Client address: $ENV{REMOTE_ADDR}\n";
+```
+
+## Docker Image
+
+The Docker image uses Apache httpd with CGI and `mod_remoteip` enabled:
+
+```dockerfile
+FROM httpd:2.4-alpine
+
+RUN apk add --no-cache perl bind-tools
+
+# Enable CGI and remoteip modules
+RUN sed -i 's/#LoadModule cgid_module/LoadModule cgid_module/' \
+      /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf && \
+    sed -i 's/#LoadModule remoteip_module/LoadModule remoteip_module/' \
+      /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf && \
+    echo 'RemoteIPHeader X-Forwarded-For' >> /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf && \
+    echo 'RemoteIPInternalProxy 10.0.0.0/8' >> /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf && \
+    echo 'RemoteIPInternalProxy 192.168.0.0/16' >> /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf
+
+COPY index.pl /usr/local/apache2/cgi-bin/index.pl
+```
+
+The key is `mod_remoteip`: it reads the `X-Forwarded-For` header and sets `REMOTE_ADDR` to the original client IP. The `RemoteIPInternalProxy` directives tell Apache which upstream proxies to trust.
+
+## Kubernetes Deployment
+
+The Helm chart is straightforward:
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: ipv6test
+  namespace: services
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: ipv6test
+  template:
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - name: ipv6test
+        image: registry.lan.buetow.org:30001/ipv6test:1.1.0
+        ports:
+        - containerPort: 80
+```
+
+## Configuring Traefik to Trust Forwarded Headers
+
+By default, Traefik overwrites `X-Forwarded-For` with its own view of the client IP (which is the upstream proxy, not the real client). To preserve the original header, Traefik needs to trust the upstream proxies.
+
+In k3s, this is configured via a HelmChartConfig:
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: helm.cattle.io/v1
+kind: HelmChartConfig
+metadata:
+  name: traefik
+  namespace: kube-system
+spec:
+  valuesContent: |-
+    additionalArguments:
+      - "--entryPoints.web.forwardedHeaders.trustedIPs=192.168.0.0/16,10.0.0.0/8"
+      - "--entryPoints.websecure.forwardedHeaders.trustedIPs=192.168.0.0/16,10.0.0.0/8"
+```
+
+This tells Traefik to trust `X-Forwarded-For` headers from the WireGuard tunnel IPs (where relayd connects from) and internal pod networks.
+
+## Relayd Configuration
+
+The OpenBSD relayd proxy already sets the `X-Forwarded-For` header:
+
+```
+http protocol "https" {
+    match request header set "X-Forwarded-For" value "$REMOTE_ADDR"
+    match request header set "X-Forwarded-Proto" value "https"
+}
+```
+
+## IPv4-Only and IPv6-Only Subdomains
+
+To properly test IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity separately, three hostnames are configured:
+
+* ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org - Dual stack (A + AAAA records)
+* ipv4.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org - IPv4 only (A record only)
+* ipv6.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org - IPv6 only (AAAA record only)
+
+The NSD zone template dynamically generates the correct record types:
+
+```perl
+<% for my $host (@$f3s_hosts) {
+     my $is_ipv6_only = $host =~ /^ipv6\./;
+     my $is_ipv4_only = $host =~ /^ipv4\./;
+-%>
+<% unless ($is_ipv6_only) { -%>
+<%= $host %>.         300 IN A <%= $ips->{current_master}{ipv4} %>
+<% } -%>
+<% unless ($is_ipv4_only) { -%>
+<%= $host %>.         300 IN AAAA <%= $ips->{current_master}{ipv6} %>
+<% } -%>
+<% } -%>
+```
+
+This ensures:
+* Hosts starting with `ipv6.` get only AAAA records
+* Hosts starting with `ipv4.` get only A records
+* All other hosts get both A and AAAA records
+
+The Kubernetes ingress handles all three hostnames, routing to the same backend service.
+
+## TLS Certificates with Subject Alternative Names
+
+Since Let's Encrypt validates domains via HTTP, the IPv6-only subdomain (`ipv6.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org`) cannot be validated directly—Let's Encrypt's validation servers use IPv4. The solution is to include all subdomains as Subject Alternative Names (SANs) in the parent certificate.
+
+The ACME client configuration template dynamically builds the SAN list:
+
+```perl
+<% for my $host (@$acme_hosts) {
+     # Skip ipv4/ipv6 subdomains - they're included as SANs in parent cert
+     next if $host =~ /^(ipv4|ipv6)\./;
+-%>
+<%   my @alt_names = ("www.$host");
+     for my $sub_host (@$acme_hosts) {
+         if ($sub_host =~ /^(ipv4|ipv6)\.\Q$host\E$/) {
+             push @alt_names, $sub_host;
+         }
+     }
+-%>
+domain <%= $host %> {
+    alternative names { <%= join(' ', @alt_names) %> }
+    ...
+}
+<% } -%>
+```
+
+This generates a single certificate for `ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org` that includes:
+* www.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org
+* ipv4.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org
+* ipv6.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org
+
+## DNS and TLS Deployment
+
+The DNS records and ACME certificates are managed via Rex automation:
+
+```perl
+our @f3s_hosts = qw/
+    ...
+    ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org
+    ipv4.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org
+    ipv6.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org
+/;
+
+our @acme_hosts = qw/
+    ...
+    ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org
+    ipv4.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org
+    ipv6.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org
+/;
+```
+
+Running `rex nsd httpd acme acme_invoke relayd` deploys the DNS zone, configures httpd for ACME challenges, obtains the certificates, and reloads relayd.
+
+## Testing
+
+Verify DNS records are correct:
+
+```sh
+$ dig ipv4.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org A +short
+46.23.94.99
+
+$ dig ipv4.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org AAAA +short
+(no output - IPv4 only)
+
+$ dig ipv6.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org AAAA +short
+2a03:6000:6f67:624::99
+
+$ dig ipv6.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org A +short
+(no output - IPv6 only)
+```
+
+Verify the application shows the correct test type:
+
+```sh
+$ curl -s https://ipv4.ipv6test.f3s.buetow.org/cgi-bin/index.pl | grep "Test Results"
+<h3>IPv4 Only Test Results:</h3>
+```
+
+The displayed IP should be the real client IP, not an internal cluster address.
+
+## W3C Compliant HTML
+
+The CGI script generates valid HTML5 that passes W3C validation. Key considerations:
+
+* Proper DOCTYPE, charset, and lang attributes
+* HTML-escaping command outputs (dig output contains `<<>>` characters)
+
+```perl
+sub html_escape {
+    my $str = shift;
+    $str =~ s/&/&amp;/g;
+    $str =~ s/</&lt;/g;
+    $str =~ s/>/&gt;/g;
+    return $str;
+}
+
+my $digremote = html_escape(`dig -x $ENV{REMOTE_ADDR}`);
+```
+
+You can verify the output passes validation:
+
+=> https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=https%3A%2F%2Fipv6test.f3s.buetow.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Findex.pl W3C Validator
+
+## Summary
+
+Preserving client IP addresses through multiple reverse proxies requires configuration at each layer:
+
+1. **relayd**: Sets `X-Forwarded-For` header
+2. **Traefik**: Trusts headers from known proxy IPs via `forwardedHeaders.trustedIPs`
+3. **Apache**: Uses `mod_remoteip` to set `REMOTE_ADDR` from the header
+
+Additional challenges solved:
+
+* **TLS for IPv6-only hosts**: Use SANs to include all subdomains in a single certificate validated via the dual-stack parent domain
+* **W3C compliance**: HTML-escape all command outputs to handle special characters
+
+The configuration is managed via GitOps with ArgoCD, including the Traefik HelmChartConfig.
+
+=> https://codeberg.org/snonux/ipv6test Source code
+=> https://codeberg.org/snonux/conf/src/branch/master/f3s/ipv6test Kubernetes manifests
+=> https://codeberg.org/snonux/conf/src/branch/master/f3s/traefik-config Traefik configuration
+
+E-Mail your comments to paul@paulbias.net :-)
+
+=> ./index.gmi ← Back to the index
diff --git a/gemfeed/atom.xml b/gemfeed/atom.xml
index cc13b174..003a76b3 100644
--- a/gemfeed/atom.xml
+++ b/gemfeed/atom.xml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
-    <updated>2026-01-27T10:09:14+02:00</updated>
+    <updated>2026-01-31T19:49:46+02:00</updated>
     <title>foo.zone feed</title>
     <subtitle>To be in the .zone!</subtitle>
     <link href="gemini://foo.zone/gemfeed/atom.xml" rel="self" />
@@ -7671,6 +7671,8 @@ paul@f0:~ % doas sh -c <font color="#808080">'for client in r0 r1 r2 earth; do <
 <font color="#808080">    -subj "/C=US/ST=State/L=City/O=F3S Storage/CN=${client}.lan.buetow.org"</font>
 <font color="#808080">  openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in ${client}.csr -CA ca-cert.pem \</font>
 <font color="#808080">    -CAkey ca-key.pem -CAcreateserial -out ${client}-cert.pem</font>
+<font color="#808080">  # Combine cert and key into a single file for stunnel client</font>
+<font color="#808080">  cat ${client}-cert.pem ${client}-key.pem &gt; ${client}-stunnel.pem</font>
 <font color="#808080">done'</font>
 </pre>
 <br />
@@ -8159,12 +8161,12 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
 [root@r0 ~]<i><font color="silver"># dnf install -y stunnel nfs-utils</font></i>
 
 <i><font color="silver"># Copy client certificate and CA certificate from f0</font></i>
-[root@r0 ~]<i><font color="silver"># scp f0:/usr/local/etc/stunnel/ca/r0-key.pem /etc/stunnel/</font></i>
+[root@r0 ~]<i><font color="silver"># scp f0:/usr/local/etc/stunnel/ca/r0-stunnel.pem /etc/stunnel/</font></i>
 [root@r0 ~]<i><font color="silver"># scp f0:/usr/local/etc/stunnel/ca/ca-cert.pem /etc/stunnel/</font></i>
 
 <i><font color="silver"># Configure stunnel client with certificate authentication</font></i>
 [root@r0 ~]<i><font color="silver"># tee /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf &lt;&lt;'EOF'</font></i>
-cert = /etc/stunnel/r<font color="#000000">0</font>-key.pem
+cert = /etc/stunnel/r<font color="#000000">0</font>-stunnel.pem
 CAfile = /etc/stunnel/ca-cert.pem
 client = yes
 verify = <font color="#000000">2</font>
@@ -8180,7 +8182,7 @@ EOF
 <i><font color="silver"># Repeat for r1 and r2 with their respective certificates</font></i>
 </pre>
 <br />
-<span>Note: Each client must use its certificate file (<span class='inlinecode'>r0-key.pem</span>, <span class='inlinecode'>r1-key.pem</span>, <span class='inlinecode'>r2-key.pem</span>, or <span class='inlinecode'>earth-key.pem</span> - the latter is for my Laptop, which can also mount the NFS shares).</span><br />
+<span>Note: Each client must use its certificate file (<span class='inlinecode'>r0-stunnel.pem</span>, <span class='inlinecode'>r1-stunnel.pem</span>, <span class='inlinecode'>r2-stunnel.pem</span>, or <span class='inlinecode'>earth-stunnel.pem</span> - the latter is for my Laptop, which can also mount the NFS shares).</span><br />
 <br />
 <h3 style='display: inline' id='nfsv4-user-mapping-config-on-rocky'>NFSv4 user mapping config on Rocky</h3><br />
 <br />
@@ -8231,11 +8233,11 @@ http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
 [root@r0 ~]<i><font color="silver"># mkdir -p /data/nfs/k3svolumes</font></i>
 
 <i><font color="silver"># Mount through stunnel (using localhost and NFSv4)</font></i>
-[root@r0 ~]<i><font color="silver"># mount -t nfs4 -o port=2323 127.0.0.1:/data/nfs/k3svolumes /data/nfs/k3svolumes</font></i>
+[root@r0 ~]<i><font color="silver"># mount -t nfs4 -o port=2323 127.0.0.1:/k3svolumes /data/nfs/k3svolumes</font></i>
 
 <i><font color="silver"># Verify mount</font></i>
 [root@r0 ~]<i><font color="silver"># mount | grep k3svolumes</font></i>
-<font color="#000000">127.0</font>.<font color="#000000">0.1</font>:/data/nfs/k3svolumes on /data/nfs/k3svolumes 
+<font color="#000000">127.0</font>.<font color="#000000">0.1</font>:/k3svolumes on /data/nfs/k3svolumes 
   <b><u><font color="#000000">type</font></u></b> nfs4 (rw,relatime,vers=<font color="#000000">4.2</font>,rsize=<font color="#000000">131072</font>,wsize=<font color="#000000">131072</font>,
   namlen=<font color="#000000">255</font>,hard,proto=tcp,port=<font color="#000000">2323</font>,timeo=<font color="#000000">600</font>,retrans=<font color="#000000">2</font>,sec=sys,
   clientaddr=<font color="#000000">127.0</font>.<font color="#000000">0.1</font>,local_lock=none,addr=<font color="#000000">127.0</font>.<font color="#000000">0.1</font>)