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| author | Paul Buetow <paul@buetow.org> | 2023-04-09 21:48:52 +0300 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Paul Buetow <paul@buetow.org> | 2023-04-09 21:48:52 +0300 |
| commit | 6f9cbe373ffa7203c1b91e8855c766e532010140 (patch) | |
| tree | 24021d1e9d5254e7114e9e86804c196176d7e08a | |
| parent | b6feef9d40d7ae08b63b53d80fa7d1fcf0ff236e (diff) | |
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diff --git a/gemfeed/2023-04-09-algorithms-in-golang-part-1.html b/gemfeed/2023-04-09-algorithms-in-golang-part-1.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5f8d802d --- /dev/null +++ b/gemfeed/2023-04-09-algorithms-in-golang-part-1.html @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> +<title>Algorithms in Go - Part 1</title> +<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/gif" href="/favicon.ico" /> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css" /> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="style-override.css" /> +</head> +<body> +<h1 style='display: inline'>Algorithms in Go - Part 1</h1><br /> +<br /> +<span class='quote'>Published at 2023-04-09T21:48:36+03:00</span><br /> +<br /> +<pre> + ,_---~~~~~----._ + _,,_,*^____ _____``*g*\"*, + / __/ /' ^. / \ ^@q f +[ @f | @)) | | @)) l 0 _/ + \`/ \~____ / __ \_____/ \ + | _l__l_ I + } [______] I + ] | | | | + ] ~ ~ | + | | + | | +</pre> +<br /> +<span>This is the first blog post about my Algorithms in Go series. I am not a Software Developer in my day job. In my current role, programming and scripting skills are desirable but not mandatory. I have been learning about Data Structures and Algorithms many years ago at University. I thought it would be fun to revisit/refresh my knowledge here and implement many of the algorithms in Go.</span><br /> +<br /> +<a class='textlink' href='./2023-04-09-algorithms-in-golang-part-1.html'>2023-04-09 Algorithms in Go - Part 1 (You are currently reading this)</a><br /> +<br /> +<span>This post is about setting up some basic data structures and methods for this blog series. I promise, everything will be easy to follow in this post.</span><br /> +<br /> +<h2 style='display: inline'>Type constraints</h2><br /> +<br /> +<span>First, the package <span class='inlinecode'>ds</span> (data structures) defines the <span class='inlinecode'>types.go</span>. All examples will either operate on the <span class='inlinecode'>Integer</span> or <span class='inlinecode'>Number</span> type:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">package</font></b> ds + +<b><font color="#0000FF">import</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"golang.org/x/exp/constraints"</font> +<font color="#990000">)</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">type</font></b> Integer <b><font color="#0000FF">interface</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + constraints<font color="#990000">.</font>Integer +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">type</font></b> Number <b><font color="#0000FF">interface</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + constraints<font color="#990000">.</font>Integer <font color="#990000">|</font> constraints<font color="#990000">.</font>Float +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> + +</pre> +<br /> +<h2 style='display: inline'>ArrayList</h2><br /> +<br /> +<span>Next comes the <span class='inlinecode'>arraylist.go</span>, which defines the underlying data structure all the algorithms of this series will use. <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span> is just a type alias of a Go array (or slice) with custom methods on it:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">package</font></b> ds + +<b><font color="#0000FF">import</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"fmt"</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"math/rand"</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"strings"</font> +<font color="#990000">)</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">type</font></b> ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V Number<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">[]</font>V + +<b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> NewArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V Number<font color="#990000">](</font>l int<font color="#990000">)</font> ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> <b><font color="#000000">make</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">],</font> l<font color="#990000">)</font> +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<span>As you can see, the code uses Go generics, which I refactored recently. Besides the default constructor (which only returns an empty <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span> with a given capacity), there are also a bunch of special constructors. <span class='inlinecode'>NewRandomArrayList</span> is returning an <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span> with random numbers, <span class='inlinecode'>NewAscendingArrayList</span> and <span class='inlinecode'>NewDescendingArrayList</span> are returning <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span>s in either ascending or descending order. They all will be used later on for testing and benchmarking the algorithms.</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> NewRandomArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V Number<font color="#990000">](</font>l<font color="#990000">,</font> max int<font color="#990000">)</font> ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">make</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">],</font> l<font color="#990000">)</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i <font color="#990000">:=</font> <font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i <font color="#990000"><</font> l<font color="#990000">;</font> i<font color="#990000">++</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> max <font color="#990000">></font> <font color="#993399">0</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">V</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>rand<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Intn</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>max<font color="#990000">))</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">continue</font></b> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">V</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>rand<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Int</font></b><font color="#990000">())</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> a +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> NewAscendingArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V Number<font color="#990000">](</font>l int<font color="#990000">)</font> ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">make</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">],</font> l<font color="#990000">)</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i <font color="#990000">:=</font> <font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i <font color="#990000"><</font> l<font color="#990000">;</font> i<font color="#990000">++</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">V</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>i<font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> a +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> NewDescendingArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V Number<font color="#990000">](</font>l int<font color="#990000">)</font> ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">make</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">],</font> l<font color="#990000">)</font> + j <font color="#990000">:=</font> l <font color="#990000">-</font> <font color="#993399">1</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i <font color="#990000">:=</font> <font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i <font color="#990000"><</font> l<font color="#990000">;</font> i<font color="#990000">++</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">V</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>j<font color="#990000">)</font> + j<font color="#990000">--</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> a +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<h2 style='display: inline'>Helper methods</h2><br /> +<br /> +<span>The <span class='inlinecode'>FirstN</span> method only returns the first N elements of the <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span>. This is useful for printing out only parts of the data structure:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font>a ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">])</font> <b><font color="#000000">FirstN</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>n int<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#009900">string</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">var</font></b> sb strings<font color="#990000">.</font>Builder + j <font color="#990000">:=</font> n + + l <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">len</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>a<font color="#990000">)</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> j <font color="#990000">></font> l <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + j <font color="#990000">=</font> l + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i <font color="#990000">:=</font> <font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i <font color="#990000"><</font> j<font color="#990000">;</font> i<font color="#990000">++</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + fmt<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Fprintf</font></b><font color="#990000">(&</font>sb<font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#FF0000">"%v "</font><font color="#990000">,</font> a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">])</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> j <font color="#990000"><</font> l <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + fmt<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Fprintf</font></b><font color="#990000">(&</font>sb<font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#FF0000">"... "</font><font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> sb<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">String</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<span>The <span class='inlinecode'>Sorted</span> method checks whether the <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span> is sorted. This will be used by the unit tests later on:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font>a ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">])</font> <b><font color="#000000">Sorted</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> <font color="#009900">bool</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">len</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>a<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#990000">-</font> <font color="#993399">1</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i <font color="#990000">></font> <font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i<font color="#990000">--</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000"><</font> a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">-</font><font color="#993399">1</font><font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> false + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> true +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<span>And the last utility method used is <span class='inlinecode'>Swap</span>, which allows swapping the values of two indices in the <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span>:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font>a ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">])</font> <b><font color="#000000">Swap</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>i<font color="#990000">,</font> j int<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + aux <font color="#990000">:=</font> a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> a<font color="#990000">[</font>j<font color="#990000">]</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>j<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> aux +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> + +</pre> +<br /> +<h2 style='display: inline'>Sleep sort</h2><br /> +<br /> +<span>Let's implement our first algorithm, sleep sort. Sleep sort is a non-traditional and unconventional sorting algorithm based on the idea of waiting a certain amount of time corresponding to the value of each element in the input <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span>. It's more of a fun, creative concept rather than an efficient or practical sorting technique. This is not a sorting algorithm you would use in any production code. As you can imagine, it is quite an inefficient sorting algorithm (it's only listed here as a warm-up exercise). This sorting method may also return false results depending on how the Goroutines are scheduled by the Go runtime. </span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">package</font></b> sort + +<b><font color="#0000FF">import</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"codeberg.org/snonux/algorithms/ds"</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"sync"</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"time"</font> +<font color="#990000">)</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> Sleep<font color="#990000">[</font>V ds<font color="#990000">.</font>Integer<font color="#990000">](</font>a ds<font color="#990000">.</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">])</font> ds<font color="#990000">.</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + sorted <font color="#990000">:=</font> ds<font color="#990000">.</font>NewArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">](</font><b><font color="#000000">len</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>a<font color="#990000">))</font> + + numCh <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">make</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font><b><font color="#0000FF">chan</font></b> V<font color="#990000">)</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">var</font></b> wg sync<font color="#990000">.</font>WaitGroup + wg<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Add</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font><b><font color="#000000">len</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>a<font color="#990000">))</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">go</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + wg<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Wait</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> + <b><font color="#000000">close</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>numCh<font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">()</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> _<font color="#990000">,</font> num <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">range</font></b> a <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">go</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>num V<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">defer</font></b> wg<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Done</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> + time<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Sleep</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>time<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Duration</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>num<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#990000">*</font> time<font color="#990000">.</font>Second<font color="#990000">)</font> + numCh <font color="#990000"><-</font> num + <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">(</font>num<font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> num <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">range</font></b> numCh <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + sorted <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">append</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>sorted<font color="#990000">,</font> num<font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> sorted +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<h3 style='display: inline'>Testing</h3><br /> +<br /> +<span>For testing, we only allow values up to 10, as otherwise, it would take too long to finish:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">package</font></b> sort + +<b><font color="#0000FF">import</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"fmt"</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"testing"</font> + + <font color="#FF0000">"codeberg.org/snonux/algorithms/ds"</font> +<font color="#990000">)</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> <b><font color="#000000">TestSleepSort</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>t <font color="#990000">*</font>testing<font color="#990000">.</font>T<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a <font color="#990000">:=</font> ds<font color="#990000">.</font>NewRandomArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>int<font color="#990000">](</font><font color="#993399">10</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#993399">10</font><font color="#990000">)</font> + a <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">Sleep</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>a<font color="#990000">)</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> <font color="#990000">!</font>a<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Sorted</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + t<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Errorf</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font><font color="#FF0000">"Array not sorted: %v"</font><font color="#990000">,</font> a<font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<span>As you can see, it takes <span class='inlinecode'>9s</span> here for the algorithm to finish (which is the highest value in the <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span>):</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre>❯ go <b><font color="#0000FF">test</font></b> <font color="#990000">.</font>/sort -v -run SleepSort +<font color="#990000">===</font> RUN TestSleepSort +--- PASS<font color="#990000">:</font> TestSleepSort <font color="#990000">(</font><font color="#993399">9</font><font color="#990000">.</font>00s<font color="#990000">)</font> +PASS +ok codeberg<font color="#990000">.</font>org/snonux/algorithms/sort <font color="#993399">9</font><font color="#990000">.</font>002s +</pre> +<br /> +<span>I won't write any benchmark for sleep sort; that will be done for the algorithms to come in this series :-).</span><br /> +<br /> +<span>E-Mail your comments to hi@paul.cyou :-)</span><br /> +<br /> +<a class='textlink' href='../'>Back to the main site</a><br /> +<p class="footer"> +Generated with <a href="https://codeberg.org/snonux/gemtexter">Gemtexter 2.1.0-develop</a> | +served by <a href="https://www.OpenBSD.org">OpenBSD</a>/<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/httpd.8">httpd(8)</a> | +<a href="https://www.foo.zone/site-mirrors.html">Site Mirrors</a> +</p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/gemfeed/atom.xml b/gemfeed/atom.xml index b736ba2f..3abdec22 100644 --- a/gemfeed/atom.xml +++ b/gemfeed/atom.xml @@ -1,12 +1,281 @@ <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"> - <updated>2023-04-09T14:08:52+03:00</updated> + <updated>2023-04-09T21:48:36+03:00</updated> <title>foo.zone feed</title> <subtitle>To be in the .zone!</subtitle> <link href="https://foo.zone/gemfeed/atom.xml" rel="self" /> <link href="https://foo.zone/" /> <id>https://foo.zone/</id> <entry> + <title>Algorithms in Go - Part 1</title> + <link href="https://foo.zone/gemfeed/2023-04-09-algorithms-in-golang-part-1.html" /> + <id>https://foo.zone/gemfeed/2023-04-09-algorithms-in-golang-part-1.html</id> + <updated>2023-04-09T21:48:36+03:00</updated> + <author> + <name>Paul Buetow</name> + <email>hi@paul.cyou</email> + </author> + <summary>This is the first blog post about my Algorithms in Go series. I am not a Software Developer in my day job. In my current role, programming and scripting skills are desirable but not mandatory. I have been learning about Data Structures and Algorithms many years ago at University. I thought it would be fun to revisit/refresh my knowledge here and implement many of the algorithms in Go.</summary> + <content type="xhtml"> + <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <h1 style='display: inline'>Algorithms in Go - Part 1</h1><br /> +<br /> +<pre> + ,_---~~~~~----._ + _,,_,*^____ _____``*g*\"*, + / __/ /' ^. / \ ^@q f +[ @f | @)) | | @)) l 0 _/ + \`/ \~____ / __ \_____/ \ + | _l__l_ I + } [______] I + ] | | | | + ] ~ ~ | + | | + | | +</pre> +<br /> +<span>This is the first blog post about my Algorithms in Go series. I am not a Software Developer in my day job. In my current role, programming and scripting skills are desirable but not mandatory. I have been learning about Data Structures and Algorithms many years ago at University. I thought it would be fun to revisit/refresh my knowledge here and implement many of the algorithms in Go.</span><br /> +<br /> +<a class='textlink' href='./2023-04-09-algorithms-in-golang-part-1.html'>2023-04-09 Algorithms in Go - Part 1 (You are currently reading this)</a><br /> +<br /> +<span>This post is about setting up some basic data structures and methods for this blog series. I promise, everything will be easy to follow in this post.</span><br /> +<br /> +<h2 style='display: inline'>Type constraints</h2><br /> +<br /> +<span>First, the package <span class='inlinecode'>ds</span> (data structures) defines the <span class='inlinecode'>types.go</span>. All examples will either operate on the <span class='inlinecode'>Integer</span> or <span class='inlinecode'>Number</span> type:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">package</font></b> ds + +<b><font color="#0000FF">import</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"golang.org/x/exp/constraints"</font> +<font color="#990000">)</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">type</font></b> Integer <b><font color="#0000FF">interface</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + constraints<font color="#990000">.</font>Integer +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">type</font></b> Number <b><font color="#0000FF">interface</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + constraints<font color="#990000">.</font>Integer <font color="#990000">|</font> constraints<font color="#990000">.</font>Float +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> + +</pre> +<br /> +<h2 style='display: inline'>ArrayList</h2><br /> +<br /> +<span>Next comes the <span class='inlinecode'>arraylist.go</span>, which defines the underlying data structure all the algorithms of this series will use. <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span> is just a type alias of a Go array (or slice) with custom methods on it:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">package</font></b> ds + +<b><font color="#0000FF">import</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"fmt"</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"math/rand"</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"strings"</font> +<font color="#990000">)</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">type</font></b> ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V Number<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">[]</font>V + +<b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> NewArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V Number<font color="#990000">](</font>l int<font color="#990000">)</font> ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> <b><font color="#000000">make</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">],</font> l<font color="#990000">)</font> +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<span>As you can see, the code uses Go generics, which I refactored recently. Besides the default constructor (which only returns an empty <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span> with a given capacity), there are also a bunch of special constructors. <span class='inlinecode'>NewRandomArrayList</span> is returning an <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span> with random numbers, <span class='inlinecode'>NewAscendingArrayList</span> and <span class='inlinecode'>NewDescendingArrayList</span> are returning <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span>s in either ascending or descending order. They all will be used later on for testing and benchmarking the algorithms.</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> NewRandomArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V Number<font color="#990000">](</font>l<font color="#990000">,</font> max int<font color="#990000">)</font> ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">make</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">],</font> l<font color="#990000">)</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i <font color="#990000">:=</font> <font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i <font color="#990000"><</font> l<font color="#990000">;</font> i<font color="#990000">++</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> max <font color="#990000">></font> <font color="#993399">0</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">V</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>rand<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Intn</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>max<font color="#990000">))</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">continue</font></b> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">V</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>rand<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Int</font></b><font color="#990000">())</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> a +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> NewAscendingArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V Number<font color="#990000">](</font>l int<font color="#990000">)</font> ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">make</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">],</font> l<font color="#990000">)</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i <font color="#990000">:=</font> <font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i <font color="#990000"><</font> l<font color="#990000">;</font> i<font color="#990000">++</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">V</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>i<font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> a +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> NewDescendingArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V Number<font color="#990000">](</font>l int<font color="#990000">)</font> ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">make</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">],</font> l<font color="#990000">)</font> + j <font color="#990000">:=</font> l <font color="#990000">-</font> <font color="#993399">1</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i <font color="#990000">:=</font> <font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i <font color="#990000"><</font> l<font color="#990000">;</font> i<font color="#990000">++</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">V</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>j<font color="#990000">)</font> + j<font color="#990000">--</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> a +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<h2 style='display: inline'>Helper methods</h2><br /> +<br /> +<span>The <span class='inlinecode'>FirstN</span> method only returns the first N elements of the <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span>. This is useful for printing out only parts of the data structure:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font>a ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">])</font> <b><font color="#000000">FirstN</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>n int<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#009900">string</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">var</font></b> sb strings<font color="#990000">.</font>Builder + j <font color="#990000">:=</font> n + + l <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">len</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>a<font color="#990000">)</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> j <font color="#990000">></font> l <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + j <font color="#990000">=</font> l + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i <font color="#990000">:=</font> <font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i <font color="#990000"><</font> j<font color="#990000">;</font> i<font color="#990000">++</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + fmt<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Fprintf</font></b><font color="#990000">(&</font>sb<font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#FF0000">"%v "</font><font color="#990000">,</font> a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">])</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> j <font color="#990000"><</font> l <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + fmt<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Fprintf</font></b><font color="#990000">(&</font>sb<font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#FF0000">"... "</font><font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> sb<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">String</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<span>The <span class='inlinecode'>Sorted</span> method checks whether the <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span> is sorted. This will be used by the unit tests later on:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font>a ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">])</font> <b><font color="#000000">Sorted</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> <font color="#009900">bool</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">len</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>a<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#990000">-</font> <font color="#993399">1</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i <font color="#990000">></font> <font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">;</font> i<font color="#990000">--</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000"><</font> a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">-</font><font color="#993399">1</font><font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> false + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> true +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<span>And the last utility method used is <span class='inlinecode'>Swap</span>, which allows swapping the values of two indices in the <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span>:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font>a ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">])</font> <b><font color="#000000">Swap</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>i<font color="#990000">,</font> j int<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + aux <font color="#990000">:=</font> a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>i<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> a<font color="#990000">[</font>j<font color="#990000">]</font> + a<font color="#990000">[</font>j<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> aux +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> + +</pre> +<br /> +<h2 style='display: inline'>Sleep sort</h2><br /> +<br /> +<span>Let's implement our first algorithm, sleep sort. Sleep sort is a non-traditional and unconventional sorting algorithm based on the idea of waiting a certain amount of time corresponding to the value of each element in the input <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span>. It's more of a fun, creative concept rather than an efficient or practical sorting technique. This is not a sorting algorithm you would use in any production code. As you can imagine, it is quite an inefficient sorting algorithm (it's only listed here as a warm-up exercise). This sorting method may also return false results depending on how the Goroutines are scheduled by the Go runtime. </span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">package</font></b> sort + +<b><font color="#0000FF">import</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"codeberg.org/snonux/algorithms/ds"</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"sync"</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"time"</font> +<font color="#990000">)</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> Sleep<font color="#990000">[</font>V ds<font color="#990000">.</font>Integer<font color="#990000">](</font>a ds<font color="#990000">.</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">])</font> ds<font color="#990000">.</font>ArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + sorted <font color="#990000">:=</font> ds<font color="#990000">.</font>NewArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>V<font color="#990000">](</font><b><font color="#000000">len</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>a<font color="#990000">))</font> + + numCh <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#000000">make</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font><b><font color="#0000FF">chan</font></b> V<font color="#990000">)</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">var</font></b> wg sync<font color="#990000">.</font>WaitGroup + wg<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Add</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font><b><font color="#000000">len</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>a<font color="#990000">))</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">go</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + wg<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Wait</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> + <b><font color="#000000">close</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>numCh<font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">()</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> _<font color="#990000">,</font> num <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">range</font></b> a <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">go</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>num V<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">defer</font></b> wg<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Done</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> + time<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Sleep</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>time<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Duration</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>num<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#990000">*</font> time<font color="#990000">.</font>Second<font color="#990000">)</font> + numCh <font color="#990000"><-</font> num + <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">(</font>num<font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> num <font color="#990000">:=</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">range</font></b> numCh <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + sorted <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">append</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>sorted<font color="#990000">,</font> num<font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> + + <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> sorted +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<h3 style='display: inline'>Testing</h3><br /> +<br /> +<span>For testing, we only allow values up to 10, as otherwise, it would take too long to finish:</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><b><font color="#0000FF">package</font></b> sort + +<b><font color="#0000FF">import</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"fmt"</font> + <font color="#FF0000">"testing"</font> + + <font color="#FF0000">"codeberg.org/snonux/algorithms/ds"</font> +<font color="#990000">)</font> + +<b><font color="#0000FF">func</font></b> <b><font color="#000000">TestSleepSort</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>t <font color="#990000">*</font>testing<font color="#990000">.</font>T<font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + a <font color="#990000">:=</font> ds<font color="#990000">.</font>NewRandomArrayList<font color="#990000">[</font>int<font color="#990000">](</font><font color="#993399">10</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#993399">10</font><font color="#990000">)</font> + a <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">Sleep</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font>a<font color="#990000">)</font> + <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> <font color="#990000">!</font>a<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Sorted</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> + t<font color="#990000">.</font><b><font color="#000000">Errorf</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font><font color="#FF0000">"Array not sorted: %v"</font><font color="#990000">,</font> a<font color="#990000">)</font> + <font color="#FF0000">}</font> +<font color="#FF0000">}</font> +</pre> +<br /> +<span>As you can see, it takes <span class='inlinecode'>9s</span> here for the algorithm to finish (which is the highest value in the <span class='inlinecode'>ArrayList</span>):</span><br /> +<br /> +<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre>❯ go <b><font color="#0000FF">test</font></b> <font color="#990000">.</font>/sort -v -run SleepSort +<font color="#990000">===</font> RUN TestSleepSort +--- PASS<font color="#990000">:</font> TestSleepSort <font color="#990000">(</font><font color="#993399">9</font><font color="#990000">.</font>00s<font color="#990000">)</font> +PASS +ok codeberg<font color="#990000">.</font>org/snonux/algorithms/sort <font color="#993399">9</font><font color="#990000">.</font>002s +</pre> +<br /> +<span>I won't write any benchmark for sleep sort; that will be done for the algorithms to come in this series :-).</span><br /> +<br /> +<span>E-Mail your comments to hi@paul.cyou :-)</span><br /> +<br /> +<a class='textlink' href='../'>Back to the main site</a><br /> + </div> + </content> + </entry> + <entry> <title>'Never split the difference' book notes</title> <link href="https://foo.zone/gemfeed/2023-04-01-never-split-the-difference-book-notes.html" /> <id>https://foo.zone/gemfeed/2023-04-01-never-split-the-difference-book-notes.html</id> @@ -7847,200 +8116,4 @@ _jgs_\|//_\\|///_\V/_\|//__ </div> </content> </entry> - <entry> - <title>Perl Poetry</title> - <link href="https://foo.zone/gemfeed/2008-06-26-perl-poetry.html" /> - <id>https://foo.zone/gemfeed/2008-06-26-perl-poetry.html</id> - <updated>2008-06-26T21:43:51+01:00</updated> - <author> - <name>Paul Buetow</name> - <email>hi@paul.cyou</email> - </author> - <summary>Here are some Perl Poems I wrote. They don't do anything useful when you run them, but they don't produce a compiler error either. They only exist for fun and demonstrate what you can do with Perl syntax.</summary> - <content type="xhtml"> - <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> - <h1 style='display: inline'>Perl Poetry</h1><br /> -<br /> -<span class='quote'>Published at 2008-06-26T21:43:51+01:00; Updated at 2021-05-04</span><br /> -<br /> -<pre> - '\|/' * --- * ----- - /|\ ____ - ' | ' {_ o^> * - : -_ /) - : ( ( .-''`'. - . \ \ / \ - . \ \ / \ - \ `-' `'. - \ . ' / `. - \ ( \ ) ( .') - ,, t '. | / | ( - '|``_/^\___ '| |`'-..-'| ( () -_~~|~/_|_|__/|~~~~~~~ | / ~~~~~ | | ~~~~~~~~ - -_ |L[|]L|/ | |\ MJP ) ) - ( |( / /| - ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ | /\\ / /| | - || \\ _/ / | | - ~ ~ ~~~ _|| (_/ (___)_| |Nov291999 - (__) (____) -</pre> -<br /> -<span>Here are some Perl Poems I wrote. They don't do anything useful when you run them, but they don't produce a compiler error either. They only exist for fun and demonstrate what you can do with Perl syntax.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span>Wikipedia: "Perl poetry is the practice of writing poems that can be compiled as legal Perl code, for example the piece known as Black Perl. Perl poetry is made possible by the large number of English words that are used in the Perl language. New poems are regularly submitted to the community at PerlMonks."</span><br /> -<br /> -<a class='textlink' href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl'>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl</a><br /> -<br /> -<h2 style='display: inline'>math.pl</h2><br /> -<br /> -<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 -by Lorenzo Bettini -http://www.lorenzobettini.it -http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> -<pre><i><font color="#9A1900">#!/usr/bin/perl</font></i> - -<i><font color="#9A1900"># (C) 2006 by Paul C. Buetow</font></i> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">goto</font></b> library <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> study <font color="#009900">$math</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -BEGIN <font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">s</font></b><font color="#FF0000">/earching/ books/</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">read</font></b> <font color="#009900">$them</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#009900">$at</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#009900">$the</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font> library<font color="#990000">:</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">our</font></b> <font color="#009900">$topics</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">cos</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> tan<font color="#990000">,</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">require</font></b> strict<font color="#990000">;</font> <b><font color="#000080">import</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> of<font color="#990000">,</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">tied</font></b> <font color="#009900">$patience</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">int</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'egrate'</font><font color="#990000">;</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">sub</font></b> trade<font color="#990000">;</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">exp</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'onentize'</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">abs</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'olutize'</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -study <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> study <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> study <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> study<font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">foreach</font></b> <font color="#009900">$topic</font> <font color="#990000">(</font><font color="#FF0000">{</font>of<font color="#990000">,</font> math<font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> -you<font color="#990000">,</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">m</font></b><font color="#FF6600">/ay /</font>go<font color="#990000">,</font> to<font color="#990000">,</font> limits <font color="#FF0000">}</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> not <b><font color="#0000FF">qw</font></b><font color="#FF0000">/erk /</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">unless</font></b> <font color="#009900">$success</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">m</font></b><font color="#FF6600">/ove /</font>o<font color="#990000">;</font><font color="#009900">$n</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> study <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">int</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'egrate'</font><font color="#990000">;</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">sub</font></b> trade<font color="#990000">;</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">exp</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'onentize'</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">abs</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'olutize'</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -study <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> study <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> study <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> study<font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">grep</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">/all/</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">exp</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'onents'</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">cos</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'inuses'</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -<font color="#FF0000">/seek results/</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> <font color="#009900">@all</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">log</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'4rithms'</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -<font color="#FF0000">'you'</font> <font color="#990000">=~</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">m</font></b><font color="#FF6600">/ay /</font>go<font color="#990000">,</font> not home -<b><font color="#0000FF">unless</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">each</font></b> <font color="#009900">%book</font> ne<i><font color="#9A1900">#ars</font></i> -<font color="#009900">$completion</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">int</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'egrate'</font><font color="#990000">;</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">sub</font></b> trade<font color="#990000">;</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">exp</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'onentize'</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">abs</font></b><font color="#FF0000">'olutize'</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -<i><font color="#9A1900">#at</font></i> -home<font color="#990000">:</font> <font color="#FF0000">//ig,'nore', time and sleep $very =~ s/tr/on/</font><b><font color="#0000FF">g</font></b><font color="#990000">;</font> -__END__ - -</pre> -<br /> -<h2 style='display: inline'>christmas.pl</h2><br /> -<br /> -<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 -by Lorenzo Bettini -http://www.lorenzobettini.it -http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> -<pre><i><font color="#9A1900">#!/usr/bin/perl</font></i> - -<i><font color="#9A1900"># (C) 2006 by Paul C. Buetow</font></i> - -Christmas<font color="#990000">:</font><font color="#FF0000">{</font>time<font color="#990000">;</font><i><font color="#9A1900">#!!!</font></i> - -Children<font color="#990000">:</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">tell</font></b> <font color="#009900">$wishes</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -Santa<font color="#990000">:</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> <font color="#009900">$each</font> <font color="#990000">(</font><font color="#009900">@children</font><font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> -BEGIN <font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">read</font></b> <font color="#009900">$each</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#009900">$their</font><font color="#990000">,</font> wishes <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> study them<font color="#990000">;</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">use</font></b> Memoize<i><font color="#9A1900">#ing</font></i> - -<font color="#FF0000">}</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">use</font></b> constant gift<font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#FF0000">'wrapping'</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">package</font></b> Gifts<font color="#990000">;</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">pack</font></b> <font color="#009900">$each</font><font color="#990000">,</font> gift <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">bless</font></b> <font color="#009900">$each</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">goto</font></b> deliver -or <b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <b><font color="#000080">import</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> not <b><font color="#0000FF">local</font></b> <font color="#009900">$available</font><font color="#990000">,!!!</font> HO<font color="#990000">,</font> HO<font color="#990000">,</font> HO<font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">redo</font></b> Santa<font color="#990000">,</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">pipe</font></b> <font color="#009900">$gifts</font><font color="#990000">,</font> to_childs<font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">redo</font></b> Santa <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">last</font></b> one<font color="#990000">,</font> is<font color="#990000">,</font> delivered<font color="#990000">;</font> - -deliver<font color="#990000">:</font> gift <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">require</font></b> diagnostics <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">our</font></b> <font color="#009900">$gifts</font> <font color="#990000">,</font>not break<font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b><font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">use</font></b> NEXT<font color="#990000">;</font> time<font color="#990000">;</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">tied</font></b> <font color="#009900">$gifts</font><font color="#FF0000">}</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> broken <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">dump</font></b> the<font color="#990000">,</font> broken<font color="#990000">,</font> ones<font color="#990000">;</font> -The_children<font color="#990000">:</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">sleep</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">wait</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font><b><font color="#0000FF">each</font></b> <font color="#009900">%gift</font><font color="#990000">)</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> try <font color="#FF0000">{</font> to <font color="#990000">=></font> <b><font color="#0000FF">untie</font></b> <font color="#009900">$gifts</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">redo</font></b> Santa<font color="#990000">,</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">pipe</font></b> <font color="#009900">$gifts</font><font color="#990000">,</font> to_childs<font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">redo</font></b> Santa <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">last</font></b> one<font color="#990000">,</font> is<font color="#990000">,</font> delivered<font color="#990000">;</font> - -The_christmas_tree<font color="#990000">:</font> formline <b><font color="#0000FF">s</font></b><font color="#FF0000">/ /childrens/</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#009900">$gifts</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">alarm</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">warn</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> not <b><font color="#0000FF">exists</font></b> <font color="#009900">$Christmas</font><font color="#FF0000">{</font> tree<font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#009900">@t</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#009900">$ENV</font><font color="#FF0000">{</font>HOME<font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">write</font></b> <font color="#990000"><<</font>EMail - to the parents to buy a new christmas tree<font color="#990000">!!!!</font><font color="#993399">111</font> - <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> send the -EMail -<font color="#990000">;</font><b><font color="#0000FF">wait</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">redo</font></b> deliver until <b><font color="#0000FF">defined</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">local</font></b> <font color="#009900">$tree</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">redo</font></b> Santa<font color="#990000">,</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">pipe</font></b> <font color="#009900">$gifts</font><font color="#990000">,</font> to_childs<font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">redo</font></b> Santa <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">last</font></b> one<font color="#990000">,</font> is<font color="#990000">,</font> delivered <font color="#990000">;</font><font color="#FF0000">}</font> - -END <font color="#FF0000">{}</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">our</font></b> <font color="#009900">$mission</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">sleep</font></b> until <b><font color="#0000FF">next</font></b> Christmas <font color="#990000">;</font><font color="#FF0000">}</font> - -__END__ - -This is perl<font color="#990000">,</font> v5<font color="#990000">.</font><font color="#993399">8.8</font> built <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i386<font color="#990000">-</font>freebsd<font color="#990000">-</font>64int -</pre> -<br /> -<h2 style='display: inline'>shopping.pl</h2><br /> -<br /> -<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9 -by Lorenzo Bettini -http://www.lorenzobettini.it -http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> -<pre><i><font color="#9A1900">#!/usr/bin/perl</font></i> - -<i><font color="#9A1900"># (C) 2007 by Paul C. Buetow</font></i> - -BEGIN<font color="#FF0000">{}</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">goto</font></b> mall <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> <font color="#009900">$shopping</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">m</font></b><font color="#FF6600">/y/</font><font color="#990000">;</font> mall<font color="#990000">:</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">seek</font></b><font color="#009900">$s</font><font color="#990000">,</font> cool <b><font color="#000000">products</font></b><font color="#990000">(),</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> to <font color="#990000">=></font> <font color="#009900">$sell</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> <font color="#009900">$their</font> <font color="#990000">(</font><font color="#009900">@business</font><font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> to<font color="#990000">:;</font> earn<font color="#990000">:;</font> a<font color="#990000">:;</font> lot<font color="#990000">:;</font> of<font color="#990000">:;</font> money<font color="#990000">:</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> not <b><font color="#0000FF">goto</font></b> home <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">exit</font></b> mall <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">exists</font></b> <font color="#009900">$new</font><font color="#FF0000">{</font>product<font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">foreach</font></b> <font color="#009900">$of</font> <font color="#990000">(</font><b><font color="#0000FF">q</font></b><font color="#FF0000">(uality rich products)</font><font color="#990000">)</font><font color="#FF0000">{}</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">package</font></b> products<font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">our</font></b> <font color="#009900">$news</font><font color="#990000">;</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">tell</font></b> cool <b><font color="#000000">products</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b><font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">sub</font></b><i><font color="#9A1900">#tract</font></i> -cool<font color="#FF0000">{</font> <font color="#009900">$products</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">shift</font></b> <font color="#009900">@the</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#009900">@bad</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#009900">@ones</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">bless</font></b> <font color="#990000">[</font><b><font color="#0000FF">q</font></b><font color="#FF0000">(uality)</font><font color="#990000">],</font> <font color="#009900">$products</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">return</font></b> not <b><font color="#0000FF">undef</font></b> <font color="#009900">$stuff</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> <b><font color="#000000">not</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font><b><font color="#0000FF">local</font></b> <font color="#009900">$available</font><font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#FF0000">}}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> study <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> study <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> study <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> cool <b><font color="#000000">products</font></b><font color="#990000">()</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">seek</font></b> <font color="#009900">$all</font><font color="#990000">,</font> cool <b><font color="#000000">products</font></b><font color="#990000">(),</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> to <font color="#990000">=></font> <font color="#009900">$buy</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -<b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">write</font></b> <font color="#009900">$them</font><font color="#990000">,</font> <font color="#009900">$down</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> order<font color="#990000">:</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">foreach</font></b> <font color="#990000">(</font><font color="#009900">@case</font><font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">package</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">s</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">}</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">goto</font></b> home <b><font color="#0000FF">if</font></b> not <b><font color="#0000FF">exists</font></b> <font color="#009900">$more</font><font color="#FF0000">{</font>money<font color="#FF0000">}</font> or <b><font color="#0000FF">die</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">q</font></b><font color="#FF0000">(uerying)</font> <font color="#990000">;</font><b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b><font color="#990000">(</font> <font color="#009900">@money</font><font color="#990000">)</font><font color="#FF0000">{}</font><font color="#990000">;</font> - -at<font color="#990000">:;</font>home<font color="#990000">:</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">do</font></b> <font color="#FF0000">{</font> END<font color="#FF0000">{}</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b><font color="#990000">:;</font> rest<font color="#990000">:;</font> a<font color="#990000">:;</font> bit<font color="#990000">:</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">exit</font></b> <font color="#009900">$shopping</font> <font color="#FF0000">}</font> -<b><font color="#0000FF">and</font></b> <b><font color="#0000FF">sleep</font></b> until <b><font color="#0000FF">unpack</font></b><font color="#009900">$ing</font><font color="#990000">,</font> cool <b><font color="#000000">products</font></b><font color="#990000">();</font> - -__END__ -This is perl<font color="#990000">,</font> v5<font color="#990000">.</font><font color="#993399">8.8</font> built <b><font color="#0000FF">for</font></b> i386<font color="#990000">-</font>freebsd<font color="#990000">-</font>64int -</pre> -<br /> -<h2 style='display: inline'>More...</h2><br /> -<br /> -<span>Did you like what you saw? Have a look at Codeberg to see my other poems too:</span><br /> -<br /> -<a class='textlink' href='https://codeberg.org/snonux/perl-poetry'>https://codeberg.org/snonux/perl-poetry</a><br /> -<br /> -<span>Other related posts are:</span><br /> -<br /> -<a class='textlink' href='./2022-05-27-perl-is-still-a-great-choice.html'>2022-05-27 Perl is still a great choice</a><br /> -<a class='textlink' href='./2011-05-07-perl-daemon-service-framework.html'>2011-05-07 Perl Daemon (Service Framework)</a><br /> -<a class='textlink' href='./2008-06-26-perl-poetry.html'>2008-06-26 Perl Poetry (You are currently reading this)</a><br /> -<br /> -<span>E-Mail your comments to hi@paul.cyou :-)</span><br /> -<br /> -<a class='textlink' href='../'>Back to the main site</a><br /> - </div> - </content> - </entry> </feed> diff --git a/gemfeed/index.html b/gemfeed/index.html index 17902c50..90d0ef1f 100644 --- a/gemfeed/index.html +++ b/gemfeed/index.html @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ <br /> <h2 style='display: inline'>To be in the .zone!</h2><br /> <br /> +<a class='textlink' href='./2023-04-09-algorithms-in-golang-part-1.html'>2023-04-09 - Algorithms in Go - Part 1</a><br /> <a class='textlink' href='./2023-04-01-never-split-the-difference-book-notes.html'>2023-04-01 - 'Never split the difference' book notes</a><br /> <a class='textlink' href='./2023-03-25-gemtexter-2.0.0-lets-gemtext-again-2.html'>2023-03-25 - Gemtexter 2.0.0 - Let's Gemtext again^2</a><br /> <a class='textlink' href='./2023-03-16-the-pragmatic-programmer-book-notes.html'>2023-03-16 - 'The Pragmatic Programmer' book notes</a><br /> @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ <body> <h1 style='display: inline'>foo.zone</h1><br /> <br /> -<span class='quote'>This site was generated at 2023-04-09T15:24:16+03:00 by <span class='inlinecode'>Gemtexter</span></span><br /> +<span class='quote'>This site was generated at 2023-04-09T21:48:36+03:00 by <span class='inlinecode'>Gemtexter</span></span><br /> <br /> <pre> |\---/| @@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ <br /> <h3 style='display: inline'>Posts</h3><br /> <br /> +<a class='textlink' href='./gemfeed/2023-04-09-algorithms-in-golang-part-1.html'>2023-04-09 - Algorithms in Go - Part 1</a><br /> <a class='textlink' href='./gemfeed/2023-04-01-never-split-the-difference-book-notes.html'>2023-04-01 - 'Never split the difference' book notes</a><br /> <a class='textlink' href='./gemfeed/2023-03-25-gemtexter-2.0.0-lets-gemtext-again-2.html'>2023-03-25 - Gemtexter 2.0.0 - Let's Gemtext again^2</a><br /> <a class='textlink' href='./gemfeed/2023-03-16-the-pragmatic-programmer-book-notes.html'>2023-03-16 - 'The Pragmatic Programmer' book notes</a><br /> diff --git a/uptime-stats.html b/uptime-stats.html index 30231ac3..88259b5d 100644 --- a/uptime-stats.html +++ b/uptime-stats.html @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ <body> <h1 style='display: inline'>My machine uptime stats</h1><br /> <br /> -<span class='quote'>This site was last updated at 2023-04-09T15:24:16+03:00</span><br /> +<span class='quote'>This site was last updated at 2023-04-09T21:48:36+03:00</span><br /> <br /> <span>The following stats were collected via <span class='inlinecode'>uptimed</span> on all of my personal computers over many years and the output was generated by <span class='inlinecode'>guprecords</span>, the global uptime records stats analyser of mine.</span><br /> <br /> |